Types of microbiology ppt. Their structure includes a filament, basal body and hook.
Types of microbiology ppt D Miller Father of oral microbiology authorized a book “microorganisms of human mouth” • Then in 1904, F. Type II involves IgG or IgM antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions. Col plasmids, which contain genes that code for bacteriocins, proteins that can kill other bacteria. Photo-organotrophic Heterotrophs: They are also called Photo- organo-heterotrophs and Photo-heterotrophs. Food microbiology helps in developing methods to prevent contamination, preserve food quality, and ensure safety through techniques like pasteurization, sterilization, and proper food Jun 23, 2021 · • Most of pathogenic bacteria of human beings, other plants and animals are heterotrophs. another types of microscopy are optical microscope, electron microscope, x-ray microscope and also scanning probe microscopy which perform many function. Saprophytic Bacteria - Obtain Nutrition from dead and decaying matter. 36 Objectives Can you: explain how Download ppt "Different types of microscopes" Apr 4, 2016 · 40. Bacteria can be classified according to morphology, arrangement, and staining reaction into the following groups: 1- Filamentous bacteria: Streptomyces: antibiotic producers. Many species of bacteria preserved by this method have remained viable and unchanged in their characteristics for more than 30 years. Gram negative bacteria make use of all four main mechanisms, whereas Gram positive bacteria less commonly use limiting the uptake of a drug (don't have an LPS outer membrane), and don't have the capacity for Aug 14, 2020 · Culture Identification Bacteria grow tremendously fast when supplied with an abundance of nutrients. Prokaryote and eukaryote cells. o The major causes of UV radiation are base deletion ,strand breakage, cross linking and generation of nucleotide dimers. Symbiotic Bacteria - Obtain nutrition from host organism by offering something in return. METHODS OF STERILIZATION Moist heat: Tyndallization The process involves boiling for a period (typically 20 minutes) at atmospheric pressure, cooling, incubating for a day, boiling, cooling, incubating for a day, boiling, cooling, incubating for a day, and finally boiling again. Microbiology is also the science that studies micro- organisms and their effects on humans and animals. Feb 18, 2019 · This type is found in purple and green sulfur bacteria, and involves using hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen as electron donors instead of water. Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, including human beings, animals, plants, soil, water, food Aug 7, 2014 · 2. 5% Peptone - principal source of organic nitrogen for the growing bacteria. This can help you in determining shapes that you do in your experiments in Microbiology. Structure of bacteria and viruses. • The size of plasmids varies from 1 to 500 kb. • The alpha toxin is produced by all types of C. , Oct 28, 2019 · 19. Toxicological screening is very important for the developing new drugs and it gives idea about therapeutic potential of existing drugs. Dr. Describe the different types of bacteria 3. It aims to characterize, prevent, and control infectious agents. Apr 6, 2015 · • The test bacterium is inoculated in the upper and lower third of the plate • Antibiotic discs are placed between the standard and test inocula so that zones of inhibition formed around each disc are composed of standard and test bacteria. 11/9/2019 7Prepared by Jones H. 15- 0. He is known as father of microbiology. The primary stain crystal violet forms complex with iodine leads formation of crystal violet magnesium ribo nucleate iodine and crystal violet iodine complex, these are forms in gram +ve and -ve bacteria respectively. Dec 28, 2013 · 2. Classification of infections 1. It provides details on the types of microorganisms commonly found in milk, including both harmless and pathogenic bacteria. Type of wastewater, chemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater • 1 Domestic waterborne wastes or sewage, including human excrement and wash waters-everything that goes down the drains of a home and into a sewerage system • 2 Industrial waterborne wastes such as acids, oil, greases, and animal and vegetable matter discharged by factories • 3 Ground, surface, and Jan 19, 2021 · • So a colony consist of clone of cells genetically alike. Freeze-drying method is the most frequently used technique by culture collection centers. • Such media contains some selective substances that supports the growth of desired organism while inhibiting the growth of unwanted Jul 2, 2019 · It defines bacteriology as the branch of biology studying bacteria. PROKARYOTIC Bacterial cell Do not contain organelles Cell wall, peptidoglycan. It uses the same technology as PCR, but takes advantage of DNA hybridization and annealing as well as DNA polymerase to amplify a complete sequence of DNA in a precise order based on the single stranded oligonucleotides allows for the Jul 3, 2019 · these slides gives information about the types of microscopy. 11/9/2019 8Prepared by Jones H. Classification Of Endodontic Biofilm Intracanal microbial biofilm Formed on radicular dentin in an endodontically infected tooth Various distinct types of bacteria can develop these biofilms, but E. Methanopyrus kandleri . Apr 4, 2017 · -Yellowish semi-transparent medium (Plates or tubes as slopes or deep agar). Jan 24, 2014 · Definition of Bacteria Bacteria prokaryotic microorganisms a single-celled microscopic organisms that lack nuclei and other organized cell structures. Degradative plasmids, which enable the digestion of Sep 14, 2020 · 2. Example: Plasmodium that cause Malaria. The circular double stranded DNA of bacteria undergoes replication, where both the strands separate and new complementary strands are formed on the original strands — results in the formation of two identical double stranded DNA. Jul 8, 2013 · 30. Introduced agar, inoculating loop to transfer bacteria and prepare pure cultures. 5% agar- solidifying agent. o Formation of Mar 6, 2005 · Title: Introduction To General Microbiology 1 Introduction To General Microbiology. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. Bacteria Apr 16, 2020 · • The autotrophic bacteria are of two types: (i) Photoautotrophs • These bacteria capture the energy of sunlight and transform it into the chemical energy. First discover by Antony Van Leeun Hook in 1676, initially called “Animalcules” Study about bacteria is know as “Bacteriology”, while study about the Jul 25, 2017 · 3. microscopy is divided into two type on the bases of their application which are stereoscopic and biological microscope. Occurrence & distribution of bacteria They live everywhere. Feb 6, 2013 · Bacteria are also classified based on the requirement of oxygen for their survival Anaerobic bacteria Aerobic bacteria Bacteria that do not require oxygen for Bacteria that need oxygen for survival. MS, HIV. Solid medium: It contains agar at a concentration of 1. • Microorganisms like bacteria grow on solid media as colonies. 3. Oct 31, 2016 · Mycoplasmas These bacteria lack in rigid cell wall (cell wall lacking) and are highly pleomorphic and of indefinite shape. Types of Staining • Simple staining • Differential staining • Negative staining • Impregnation method • Special staining – for certain bacteria, bacterial spores, parasites & fungi Dr Ekta, Microbiology, GMCA. They can form spores which are very resistant to drought, chemical, rays and Dec 19, 2019 · 20. Nov 9, 2019 · Microbiology defined Microbiology can be defined as the scientific study of minute living organisms which include bacteria, viruses, fungi and yeasts. The characters revealed in different types of media are noted. Asem Shehabi ; Faculty of Medicine ; University of Jordan; 2 The Microbial World . Calibration achieved by superimposing the two scales and determining how many ocular graduation coincide with graduations on stage micrometer. Billings described the theory of focal infections as a circumscribed area of tissue with pathognomic microorganisms • In 1909 EC Rosenow described the theory of focal Apr 6, 2015 · 44. MICROORGANISMS. which enter the body. Bacteria are microscopic organisms. • These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness. • Heterotrophic bacteria are two types 1. 5% NaCl Jun 25, 2016 · 24. Aug 5, 2013 · Key points include: bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stress; they have a core surrounded by membranes and a thick cortex and coat; shapes include spherical, oval, elongated; properties include metabolic dormancy and extreme resistance to heat, chemicals, radiation; germination occurs when Jul 20, 2013 · Hypersensitivity - Download as a PDF or view online for free. They obtain energy from organic compounds to satisfy their carbon and electron requirements. Bacteria May 13, 2020 · 12. Bacteria 2. 5 %µµµµ 1 0 obj >>> endobj 2 0 obj > endobj 3 0 obj >/Font >/XObject >/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R Sep 4, 2012 · Based on Immunogenicity Complete antigen : Substances which can induce antibody formation by themselves and can react specifically with these antibodies Incomplete antigen (haptens): substances unable to induce antibody formation on its own but can become immunogenic when covalently linked to proteins, called carrier proteins . Oct 17, 2018 · Bacteria can be classified based on the location and number of flagella on their cell surface. conjunctiva: • Tears ( contain lysosyme which has anti bacterial property) helps in Aug 6, 2018 · 8. Jan 7, 2013 · Types of anaerobes • Obligate anaerobic bacteria- Are those bacteria that can grow in the absence of free oxygen, but fails to multiply in the presence of oxygen on the surface of nutritionally adequate solid media incubated in room air or in a CO2 incubator (containing 5-10% CO2). Mar 4, 2018 · Clostridium. EUKARYOTIC Parasites, fungi Membrane enclosed organelles Cytoskeleton. Resistance (R) plasmids, which contain genes that provide resistance against antibiotics or poisons. perfringens and most abundantly by type A strain. Sep 14, 2022 · A lots of polymers are used in the formulation of many types of pharmaceutical preparations as diluents, binders, thickening, suspending agents, etc. It describes the different environmental factors that affect bacterial growth such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure and light exposure. Oct 27, 2020 · HETEROTROPHS These bacteria use organic compounds as carbon source. Oct 21, 2024 · Food Microbiology PPT: Meaning, Scopes, Types, Examples On the flip side, harmful bacteria like Salmonella and E. Oct 5, 2014 · This document summarizes microbiology in dairy products. Nov 3, 2016 · Lyophilized or freeze-dried pure cultures and then sealed and stored in the dark at 4°C in refrigerators. • The enriched media facilitate the growth of fastidious microorganisms. Sep 4, 2012 · Based on Immunogenicity Complete antigen : Substances which can induce antibody formation by themselves and can react specifically with these antibodies Incomplete antigen (haptens): substances unable to induce antibody formation on its own but can become immunogenic when covalently linked to proteins, called carrier proteins . A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid. Introduction Toxicology is a branch of science that deals with toxins, poisons, their effects and treatment. Causes of medical conditions e. Gram staining differentiates bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative groups based on differences in their cell wall structure and how they retain or release crystal violet dye. Some non-bacterial organisms with thick Dec 22, 2016 · Bright field compound microscopes are commonly used to view live and immobile specimens such as bacteria, cells, and tissues. CONCLUSION Due to the many benefits of probiotics in the absence of any risk, they have become a useful tool for the medical community. In 1ltr of seawater, there are over 1bn microbes. • The four major toxins Alpha, Beta, Epsilon and Eta are predominantly responsible for pathogenicity. The lecture will: 1. • contain only buffers and salt. See full list on humsc. Other Enrichments – Chocolate Agar • Several organic materials are added to the basic constituents of the Medium such as Blood, yeast, yeast extract etc. Jul 7, 2009 · The document discusses the classification of microorganisms into five major categories: viruses, bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. - Motility allows bacteria to find favorable environments and colonize host cells. the reaction is: 2H2 S + CO2 ---light/ carbohydrates-----> (CH2O ) +2S+H2O • There are non-sulphur purple and %PDF-1. Aug 4, 2015 · Classification of viruses • Viruses can be classified by following characteristics – Genetic material (DNA or RNA) – Shape of capsid – Size of capsid or number of capsomers – Presence/Absence envelope – Type of host (or cell) that it infects – Type of disease it produces Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 4 Jun 9, 2014 · 10. Microbiology Lab (5) Culture Media (Types, Preparation & Sterilization) Abdelraheem BA 2 Introduction Microorganisms (MOs) are ubiquitous. They occur in round or oval bodies and in interlacing filaments. Establish a mutual give-and-take relationship with host. • While studying colonies on solid media following characteristics are observed : Size, Shape, Margins, Surface, Their elevations, Edge, colour, structure, consistency, pigmentation, haemo Jan 1, 2020 · MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA. g Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium etc. Sep 20, 2012 · The document discusses the growth and nutrition requirements of bacteria. May 28, 2016 · 19. Jan 29, 2023 · 7. The harmless strains produce vitamin K and prevent colonization of the intestine by pathogenic bacteria. Their structure includes a filament, basal body and hook. As it protects us from disease it is also called disease resistance. Pathogenic Bacteria - Obtain food from host but are harmful to the host, generally causing diseases. • Only shows the presence of micro Sep 26, 2015 · This presentation is all about the different shapes in bacteria. Microorganisms can be seen only with the help of microscope. If an organism changes from positive to negative or vice versa during its growth cycle, this change should be recorded with a statement as to the age of the culture when the change was first observed. hydrogen combines cells sulphur bacteria but excreted in the green sulphur bacteria . Discuss bacterial structure and the function of the different bacterial components 4. Dec 21, 2021 · BACTERIA • The number and variety of bacteria predominate over the other groups of soil microorganisms. Chocolate agar. • Most pathogenic bacteria belong to this group. Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. g. - Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, C. Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance Because of differences in structure, there is variation in the types of mechanisms used by Gram negative bacteria versus Gram positive bacteria. There are various culture methods and media that support the growth of bacteria. Gram staining is still the cornerstone of bacterial identification and taxonomic division. It would take about 1,000 bacteria, one µm in length, placed end-to-end to equal one millimeter, which is about the width of a pencil line. Eg :Aquaspirillum serpens. The smallest rod shaped eubacterium is Dialister pneumosintes which measure in between 0. They are capable of conjugation. Sep 12, 2009 · Different types of hemolysis on Blood Agar. • The microbial biomass in the rhizosphere act as a source and sink for plant nutrients. Fungi 4. Key techniques include preparing culture media, isolating microbes from clinical samples via serial dilution or plating methods, and characterizing microbes based on morphology, microscopy, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility. The microbial cell composition shows that over 95% of cell dry weight is made up carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. or A science that deals with the immune system and the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses. Agar is an inert solidifying agent, golden –yellow granular powder prepared from seaweeds Gelidium and do not affect the growth of the bacteria and melts at 98°C & sets at 42°C and has no nutritive value. "Bacteria" is the plural form of "bacterium. • In this process, CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates. Microbes outnumber all other species and make up most of the living matter on the planet. SIMPLE STAINS • Impart same color to all bacteria. Currently all organisms are grouped into one of three categories or domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The microbial world is composed of commensally and pathogenic Microbes/ Microorganisms. Ketolides • Antibiotics belonging to the Macrolides group. Bacteria 1. Stains and dyes are frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structure in biological tissues. The three incubation periods are to allow heat- resistant spores surviving the previous boiling period to Dec 25, 2017 · 3. SIZE - 0. Jun 29, 2014 · 4. INTRODUCTION Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy. There are five types of infectious agents: 1. Fertility F-plasmids, which contain tra genes. Type III is immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity where antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement system. Viruses 3. Enrichment media • Enrichment media refers to the liquid media that inhibits the growth of unwanted bacteria. Enriched media allow the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms. Paracelsus May 27, 2021 · 2. Unicellular Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Shapes: Bacillus ( rodlike ) Coccus (spherical) Spiral (corkscrew). These microorganism cannot be seen by naked eyes, they are only seen under the microscope. It states that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and various minerals to grow. • Type of plants, nature of root exudates and soil conditions would influence rhizosphere microorganisms. Bacteria exist in different shapes and some are motile. Staining is achieved with the use of a chemical dye. PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE. Assembly PCR It also known as Polymerase Cycling Assembly or PCA It is a method for the assembly of large DNA oligonucleotides from shorter fragments. • Their number exceeds several million to billions in one gram of soil. Jan 27, 2020 · • Most spore-forming bacteria are contained in the bacillus and clostridium species but can be found in other species of bacteria as well. A localized infection occurs when bacteria invade a specific point in the body and remain there until eliminated. • Much broad spectrum than other Macrolides. Identified a bacterium as cause of anthrax b. . Evolved from plasmids : pieces of DNA that can move between cells while others may have evolved from bacteria. Enrichment Medium • If the sample contain more than one type of bacteria, undesired bacteria grwoth can be reduced or Feb 16, 2021 · Gram staining: Gram staining method, the most important procedure in Microbiology, was developed Hans Christian Gram in 1884. o 0. Apr 11, 2012 · 5. Jul 27, 2022 · Microcolonies • Biofilms of the different types of bacteria Infection is the lodgement and multiplication of organism in the tissue of host 9. Some types live as SAPROPHYTES, others are PARASITES on plants, animals and humans causing diseases, and some are SYMBIOTIC organisms. Microbes exist in huge numbers In one single teaspoon of garden soil, there are over 100,000 microbes. “ While several bacterial species are pathogenic (capable of causing disease), most are non-infectious, and many have critical roles in decay Oct 29, 2019 · 5. A small proportion of E. Apr 24, 2020 · Frameshift mutation This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame. Some important criteria of Transport media Transport media should fulfill the following criteria: • temporary storage of specimens being transported to the laboratory for cultivation. • maintain the viability of all organisms in the specimen without altering their concentration. It provides details on the size, structure, habits, nutrition, and reproduction methods of each type of microorganism. On an average each cell of bacterium measures 1. (Rod) Bacteria is a micro organism with few micro meter in length and have wide range of shapes (round, oval, rod and spiral shapes). Apr 7, 2017 · This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow bacteria. net Aug 2, 2012 · Types of Microorganisms. • Bacterial cells are extremely small and are most conveniently measured in microns (10-6 m). Classification of bacterial culture media on the basis of consistency. or The study of the body's defenses is called immunology. 0%. Lophotrichous: These bacteria have two or more flagella only at one end of the cell. Apr 16, 2020 · 4. Merck began production of vitamin B12 by Pseudomonas dentrificans in 1952 & have improved the efficiency of culture more than 30 folds relative to the performance of original soil isolates by genetic manipulations and microbial Bacteria are thought to have been the first organisms to appear on earth, about 4 billion years ago A gram of soil typically contains about 40 million bacterial cells Classification: prokaryotes, unicellular Types: Gram-negative, Gram-positive Diseases: strep throat, tetanus, tuberculosis, etc. Contamination of products with bacteria like E. Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae These are very small, obligate parasites, and at one time were considered closely related to the viruses. Filamentous Fungi has shown better results growing in the solid substrate fermentation. These are called macroelements or macronutrients because they are required by microorganisms in relatively large amounts. Cell walls composed of peptidoglycan Jul 24, 2014 · Dr NehalDraz Bacteria – Morphology & Classification. Feb 3, 2015 · The document discusses various staining techniques used in microbiology, including Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and simple staining techniques. Escherichia coli is a Gram negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. • Colonies are described on the basis of size, shape, texture, elevation, pigmentation and effect on growth medium. May 31, 2019 · Must be able to enter the body and invade or colonize host tissue by attaching to specific host cells then cause damage to those cells by production of toxin or destructive enzymes. Different Temps For Different Bacteria – Contd. Prof. 4. HISTORY • In 17th century Leeuwenhoek was first to describe the oral microflora • Later on in 1890, it was W. It describes media as being solid, semisolid, or liquid based on consistency. 25 - 2 µm in diameter and 2-10 µm in length. The term microbiology was introduced by a french Chemist Louis Pasteur, who demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeast. • Melts at 98oC & sets at 42oC 8. Mesophilic bacteria • These organisms grow between 25o C and 40o C, with an optimum growth temperature close to 37o C • Some such as Pseudomonas aeroginosa may grow at even lower temperatures between 5- 43o C • None of the mesophilic bacteria are able to grow below 5o C or above 45o C. ECOLOGY OF ENDODONTIC MICROBIOTA Necrotic root canal is a fertile environment for bacterial growth. M-MBA Aug 7, 2022 · 2. • Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the cell. There are six categories: atrichous bacteria have no flagella; monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum at one end; cephalotrichous bacteria have several flagella at one end; amphitrichous bacteria have one flagellum at each end; peritrichous bacteria have flagella all over their body; and Jan 19, 2014 · This document discusses the four types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I is immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies. This differential staining procedure separates most bacteria into two groups on the basis of cell wall composition: Gram positive Apr 22, 2020 · 3. • The results are reported as Susceptible, Intermediate susceptible, Resistant The purpose of this lecture is to introduce you to terminology used in microbiology. They not only boost the functioning of the immune system, they naturally aid in fighting bad bacteria by supplying the body with enough good to keep the body in symbiosis. i. novyi Feb 20, 2021 · 2. On your hands there are more microbes than there are people in the world. b. Cyanocobalamine ( B12) Cyanocobalamin is industrially produced stable cobalmin from which is not found in nature It is obtained exclusively by fermentation process. 3% beef extract- water-soluble substances which aid in bacterial growth, such as vitamins, carbohydrates, organic nitrogen compounds and salts. They occur in water (fresh and salty), in soil and air. Uses: -Base of different culture media -Plates : for isolation & identification of bacteria -Slopes : for preservation of pure cultures -Deep agar : for anaerobic bacteria Jul 25, 2012 · VIRUS BACTERIA - can’t live on its own- must - can exist on its own live inside another cell - much smaller (20 – 400nm) - larger (1000 nm = 1μm) - none are beneficial - some can be beneficial (bacteria in gut) - no cell wall, only a protein - outer cell wall coat - cannot be killed by antibiotics - are killed by antibiotics Jun 3, 2018 · Intestinal tract: • Mouth possesses saliva which has a inhibitory effect on many microorganisms some bacteria are destroyed by acidic pH of gastric juices • Normal bacterial flora of intestine exerts a protective colonisation of pathogenic bacteria d. Jun 10, 2018 · • The abundant nitrogen fixing and phosphate solublizing bacteria are present in the rhizosphere from agronomic point of view. There are so many microbes, that scientists have only named 0. c. It is an important bacteria that helps humans, plants and animals code, recode and reproduce DNA and RNA with precision. May 25, 2021 · Plasmid • Plasmids are extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules. 2- The bacteria: Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that multiply by binary fission. UV- rays: o It is non ionizing type of radiation having less energy in it. -Sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 30 min. • Bdellovibrio is wide spread in aqautic habitats and attack the other bacteria by boring holes in the wall, and caused lysis with the eventual release of many small vibrio shaped bacteria. 5% of them. In fact, however, bacteria come in Oct 14, 2011 · Thermus aquaticus lives in hot water. E. Microbiology Unit 1. perfringens toxin • C. Peritrichous: Several flagella present all over the surface of bacteria. Lack of immunity is known as susceptibility. Photoheterotrophs: These bacteria can utilize light energy but cannot use CO₂ as their sole of carbon. These Google Slides & PPT designs about bacteria will infect your presentations with resources and illustrations! Free Easy to edit Professional Aug 6, 2018 · Introduction • All bacteria are unicellular organisms that reproduce by binary fission. 2. Examples: Starch (Glucose): Depolymerize by bacteria amylase Pectin(Galactourinic acid): Depolymerize by bacteria pectinase Dextran(Glucose): Depolymerize by bacteria dextranase Cellulose (Glucose Apr 5, 2021 · Size of bacteria Great variation in size of bacteria. they are of two Nov 25, 2017 · Eg: vibrio cholera 2. • There are different types of spores including endospores, exospores, and spore-like structures called microbial cysts. It discusses how milk and dairy products are suitable for microbial growth. Apr 30, 2021 · Key characteristics mentioned are size (pinpoint to 10mm), margin (circular, irregular), surface texture (smooth, rough, mucoid, wrinkled), elevation (flat or convex), optical features (opaque, translucent, opalescent), and chromogenesis where some bacteria produce pigmented colonies through water-insoluble or soluble pigments. Phenotypically, bacteria are classified based on their morphology, anatomy, staining characteristics, culture growth, nutritional requirements, and environmental tolerances. 01 mm (10 µm) apart. Nov 6, 2016 · Cultivation of bacteria allows for the isolation, growth, and study of microorganisms. Jun 2, 2016 · Medical microbiology deals with microorganisms that cause disease in humans. Based on the source of energy, they are subdivided into two types: 1. eg. o UV induced mutations are dimer formation, thymine- thymine dimer & thymine-cytosine dimers are commonly formed as the lesions block replication as well as transcription. 5-2. e. Shapes and Arrangements. Oct 22, 2017 · 3. • Enrichment media allow the growth of a particular type of microorganism in the medium. Types of Microorganisms. - Flagella are thin appendages that propel bacteria through rotation. These gases may be visible in the form of bubbles, floccules etc. Overcoming in Gram Variable Observations • it is necessary that it is stained at two or three different ages (very young cultures should be used). Viruses are non-cellular and infect bacteria. • So in order to identify a bacteria and fungi we should know how an organism grow in or on media. It is a commensal that is found inhabiting the lower intestine of warm blooded animals. Some of them can survive in ice and others can live in hot water. Introduction Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. Oct 5, 2024 · 3. Different types of bacteria will produce different-looking colonies, some colonies may be colored, some colonies are circular in shape, and others are irregular. perfringens is one of the most prolific of toxin producing bacteria, forming at least 12 distinct toxins. coli is classified into serotypes based on cell wall (O Jun 10, 2023 · The main types are flagellar movement and gliding movement. Jun 14, 2015 · This document discusses various ways that bacteria can be classified, including phenotypic and genotypic classification. They lack the ability to fix CO2. Substrate Substrate also plays important role in determining the growth of micro- organisms, there by increasing the product yield. coli strains are pathogenic. their survival Anaerobic bacteria cannot bear oxygen and may die if kept in an oxygenated environment. o 1. , 1. Binary fission: It is the commonest type of reproduction under favorable conditions in which cell divides into two similar daughter cells. Soil Microbiology It is branch of science dealing with study of soil microorganisms and their activities in the soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties form a very small fraction of soil mass (volume of less than 1%) In the upper layer of soil (top soil up to 10-30 cm depth i. Bacteria are classified based on their shape, cell wall composition, presence of flagella, nutrition sources, and temperature requirements. 21. • almost all the bacteria have plasmids containing a low copy number (1-4 per cell) or a high copy number (10-100 per cell). Such types of bacteria are usually found in Sep 27, 2013 · 3. Toxicology helps in predicting what, and how chemicals may cause harm and then shares that information to so as to protect public health. • lack of carbon, nitrogen, and organic growth factors so as to prevent Jan 3, 2020 · Selective Media • A selective media is one which has a components added to it which will inhibit or prevent the growth of certain types or species of bacteria and/or promote the growth of desired species. Sep 7, 2021 · 16. Jun 6, 2021 · 3. faecalis is responsible for one of the most therapy resistant and prevalent endodontic biofilms Extraradicular microbial biofilm Root surface biofilms Formed on the cemental surfaces around May 17, 2018 · Bacteria, Yeast and Filamentous Fungi can be used. Bacteria The word bacteria is derived from a Latin and a Greek word Bakteria meaning “cane”. A disseminated infection occurs when microorganisms spread from the initial site of infection to other tissues throughout the body. Cover different classification schemes for grouping bacteria, especially the use of the Gram stain 2. The biggest bacteria Beggiatoa mirabilis is about 16-45µ in diameter and 80µ in length. Hyper means "above. Nov 8, 2015 · (ii). • Ketolides are effective against Macrolides-resistant bacteria, due to their ability to bind at two sites at the bacterial ribosome as well as having a structural modification that makes them poor substrates for efflux- pump mediated resistance. they are of two May 1, 2014 · 2. Amphitrichous: These bacteria have single polar flagella or tuft of flagella at both poles. Gram-Positive bacteria have thick, dense, relatively non-porous walls, while Gram-Negative bacteria have thin walls surrounded by lipid-rich membranes. Feb 21, 2011 · The Golden Age of Microbiology ~1857-1914 (about 50 years)Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugsRobert Koch a. Jun 4, 2018 · 3. Bacteria, Fungi (Yeast/ Moulds), Algae, Protozoa/ Parasites and viruses. Mar 4, 2019 · It describes the morphology and structure of four main types of microorganisms: molds, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses. Over 5,000 species of viruses have been discovered. Culture: growth in media containing living MOs. The pathogen may enter the body through any body orifice or broken skin. Molds are multicellular and filamentous while yeasts are unicellular and can bud. 10 PLASMID classification There are five main classes: 1. May 23, 2015 · Microscopy - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Bacteria. 29. A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids. • The hydrogen donor is water and the process produce free oxygen. • Most bacteria are capable of independent metabolic existence and growth, but species of Chlamydia and rickettsia are obligately intracellular organism. Microbiology Microbiology is the study of living organisms that are microscopic in size Medical microbiology is the study of microscopic organism that infect man, his reaction to such infections, the way in which the disease is produced and the method for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of such infectious disease. Eg: pseudomonas fluorescence. 5. Aug 17, 2022 · 3. The Gram Stain The difference in dye retention is dependent on such physical properties as thickness, density, porosity, and integrity of the bacterial cell wall, as well as its chemical composition. 25-1 µ m width Dec 12, 2020 · 4. " Hyperthermophilic bacteria will grow in very hot temperatures,- 122 degrees F– Eg. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional Nov 27, 2020 · • The interaction between bdellovibrio bacteria and other small gram negative bacteria is example of predation. For transparent or colorless specimens, however, it is important that they be stained first so that they can be properly viewed under this type of a microscope. • Direct microscopic and plate count methods are generally employed to enumerate the number and different groups of bacteria in the soil. Arrangements can be monotrichous, lophotrichous or peritrichous. M-MBA 8. May 7, 2020 · 54. It gives bacteria a moist, warm, nutritious & anaerobic environment which is protected from host defense due to absence of microcirculation in necrotic pulp. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues, cell populations or organelles with individual cells. Liquid broths and solid agar plates can be used with different nutrient formulations to selectively grow specific bacteria. Introduction to viruses Viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses are assembled in the infected host cell But unlike still simpler infectious agents, viruses contain genes, which gives them the ability to mutate and evolve. The first six (C, O, H, N, S, and P) are components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and Mar 10, 2015 · 8. Live bacteria are captured on microarrayed specific antibodies (spotted in triplicate onto the biochip surface) during the enrichment step. coli can contaminate food and cause illness. Principle : The gram staining is differential staining it involves the differentiation of gram –ve and +ve bacteria . CALIBRATION OF THE OCULAR MICROMETER Stage micrometer (objective micrometer) has calibration lines or graduations that are separated 0. coli may produce gas if it contains sugars iii) Colouration / Decolouration -Some microbes may decolourise formulation or it may produce unique colour which is different from the normal colour of the product. The ecologic factors which affect the composition of microbes in necrotic root canal include; Oxygen tension & redox potential Type Aug 9, 2014 · There are several types of infections described in the document. Most of the human pathogenic bacteria are heterotrophic in nature. 3 µm in size. Read less Jul 13, 2014 · Dr Ekta, Microbiology, GMCA. Macroscopic morphology • Provides additional information for the identification of the bacterium. Media are also classified based on their function as simple, enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential, composite, or transport. • The former contain and carotenoids add the photosynthetic pigments as the latter chlorophyll. • Not affected by the growth of the bacteria. • Some heterotrophs have simple nutritional requirement while some of them require large amount of vitamin and other growth promoting substance, such organisms are called fastidious heterotrophs. Need for Culture media: • Bacteria: mixed population in nature • By appropriate procedures they have to be grown separately (isolated) on culture media and obtained as pure culture for study • Medium → Nutrients → support growth Culture medium Liquid medium Solid medium Jun 5, 2023 · The successful detection of live bacteria was possible by choosing antibodies specific to antigens expressed by the bacteria and located on the cell surface 73. • The pigments under the light microscope appear to be uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. The document provides examples of different bacteria that use anoxygenic photosynthesis and details their characteristics and where they are typically found. Comparison of Different Types of hypersensitivity characteris tics type-I anaphylactic type-II (cytotoxic) type-III (immune complex) type-IV (delayed type) antibody IgE IgG, IgM IgG, IgM None antigen exogenous cell surface soluble tissues & organs response time 15-30 minutes minutes-hours 3-8 hours 48-72 hours appearan ce weal Mar 20, 2021 · These bacteria are of three types. Horizon A), the microbial population is very high which decreases with depth of soil May 28, 2020 · 2. Bacteriochlorophyll pigment is found in these bacteria e. Toxoid Vaccines: • For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful chemicals, a toxoid vaccine might be the answer. Nutrient Agar is a general purpose, nutrient medium used for the cultivation of microbes Composition of Nutrient Agar o 0. Mar 14, 2018 · 27. It describes bacteria as single-celled microorganisms that are smaller than eukaryotic cells and lack organelles. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA Morphology and Classification Most bacteria (singular, bacterium) are very small, on the order of a few micrometers µm (10-6 meters) in length. The Three Domain Classification , first proposed by Carl Woese in the 1970s, is based on ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) sequences and widely accepted by scientists today as the most accurate current portrayal of organism relatedness. ii) Gas production -Some microbes may produce gas inside the containers. Introduction: • Microorganisms – several classes of living beings • Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all living cells can be divided into two groups: eukaryotic and prokaryotic • Eukaryoticcell types- Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae • Prokaryotic cell types - bacteria & blue green algae collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly Strain or variety culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) Type subspecies that can show differences in Nov 25, 2015 · Types of culture media - Download as a PDF or view online for free. exaa gudqeh briaq rctpf xddt kbj xlhxnncm kzkktj pfdjmn pwu znkg rsnj xaqtakgt fdyf tcgjqj